The PROMISE trial
The PROMISE trial: a clear result – Progesterone supplements in the first trimester of pregnancy do NOT improve outcomes in women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriages.
Five years after it began, the results of the PROMISE (progesterone in recurrent miscarriage) trial were published in November 2015. (1)
The results were very disappointing to many women and couples and to those who care for them. We had all hoped that the trial would show that progesterone is an effective treatment for those considering pregnancy after previous unexplained losses, but sadly it did not.
The study of 826 women with previously unexplained recurrent miscarriage showed that those who received progesterone treatment in early pregnancy were no less likely to miscarry than those who received a placebo (or dummy treatment). This was true whatever their age, ethnicity, medical history and pregnancy history.
Nearly two-thirds of the women in the trial had their baby, whether they had progesterone or the placebo.
Some positives
There are some positives, however.
The first is that nearly two-thirds of the women in the trial had their baby, whether they had progesterone or the placebo. So even without treatment, the chances of a healthy pregnancy after unexplained recurrent miscarriage are better than some might expect.
The trial results also showed that there were no harmful effects of progesterone treatment for women or for their babies. That is very important information for women taking progesterone for other reasons, such as fertility treatment or for those taking part in other trials.
Another important finding for women who do take progesterone in early pregnancy is that there was no sign that progesterone treatment simply delayed the process of miscarriage. Amongst those who miscarried, there was no difference between the treated and untreated women in the stage at which they miscarried.
And while researchers will continue to explore and test other treatments that might reduce the risk for women who are pregnant after a history of repeated miscarriages, there are interesting new findings about progesterone from another source.
The PRISM trial studied the possible benefit of progesterone treatment for women with bleeding in early pregnancy. The results, published in May 2019, showed that overall, among women with bleeding in early pregnancy, treatment with progesterone during the first trimester did not result in a significantly higher incidence of live births than amongst those who had a placebo (a pessary with no active ingredients).
However, further analysis showed that a sub-group of women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (three or more miscarriages before this pregnancy), did show a significant improvement in outcome for those who had the progesterone treatment. So we now know that in women with early pregnancy bleeding and a history of recurrent miscarriage, progesterone treatment reduced the risk of miscarriage.
You can read more about the PRISM trial here.
So what does it mean for me?
Over time, it is likely that doctors will stop prescribing progesterone to women who are pregnant after previous miscarriages, unless there are clear reasons to do so.
Some, however, might continue. They may feel that just taking something can make their patients feel more confident and hopeful and that this alone might make a difference.
If you are currently pregnant and taking progesterone to reduce the risk of another miscarriage:
The research makes it clear that progesterone isn’t harmful to you or your baby, so it’s up to you and your doctor to discuss whether to continue it or not.
If you took progesterone in the past after having repeated miscarriages and then had a healthy pregnancy:
You may feel sure that it was the progesterone that made the difference and perhaps plan to take it in any future pregnancy/ies. We can’t say for certain that it had no effect in your case – although the evidence suggests it is unlikely – and we wish you well whatever you decide.
And if I don’t have progesterone treatment next time?
Above all, we hope you can find comfort in the fact that whether they had progesterone or the placebo, nearly two thirds of the women in the trial had their much-wanted baby. That means there is still a good chance of a healthy pregnancy after unexplained recurrent miscarriage without any treatment at all (2).
Looking ahead
The research goes on. The PROMISE trial created a solid network of doctors, nurses and midwives across the UK and beyond, all committed to miscarriage research. They will continue to explore and test other treatments that really can reduce the risk of miscarriage, and the Miscarriage Association will continue to support their efforts in whatever way we can.
A closer look at PROMISE: what, where and who.
What
PROMISE was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the gold standard for clinical trials:
Randomised: The women who took part were given either the treatment drug (progesterone) or a placebo – a dummy drug that has no active ingredients. A computer made the selection so it was completely random.
Double-blind: The women in the study weren’t told whether they were taking the progesterone or the placebo – and neither were their doctors and midwives. So both the participants and healthcare teams were blinded to this information, to prevent any biases creeping in, while a completely separate group kept a record of who received what.
Placebo-controlled: Around half the women in the study had the active medicine and half (the controls) had the placebo, both in the form of vaginal pessaries, until 12 weeks of pregnancy. The pessaries and packaging looked exactly the same to them and their healthcare teams.
Where
The trial was conducted in 36 hospital sites in the UK and nine in the Netherlands.
Who
Women could enrol in the study if they were 18-39 years old, and actively trying to conceive naturally after being diagnosed with unexplained recurrent first trimester miscarriage. They were also excluded from the study if they did not conceive within 12 months of being enrolled.
This is how the numbers look:
- 1,568 eligible women were signed up to take part in the trial. Of these
- 732 did not start the trial at all for a number of reasons (515 because they did not conceive within 12 months) and another ten either started and then stopped or were lost to follow-up. That left:
- 826 women who completed the trial and were followed all the way through. Of these:
- 398 women were in the treatment group and 428 were in the placebo group.
- Their average age was 33.
And crucially, the live birth rate was
- 65.8% (262/398) in the treatment group and 63.3% (271/428) in the placebo group.
That 2.5% is an extremely tiny difference and is not statistically significant – meaning that the difference is due to chance.
(1) Coomarasamy A et al. A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages. N Eng J Med 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2141-8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504927. Link.
(2) The chance of having a healthy pregnancy after unexplained recurrent miscarriage will depend on the mother’s age and the number of previous miscarriages.
A personal view
One of the members of our support forum took part in the PROMISE trial.
I did the Promise trial a few years ago. Unfortunately for me it didn’t work. However, my first 5 miscarriages were all at 5 1/2 weeks and I went to 6.5 weeks this time. I don’t know what I took – I could have had the placebo. I can’t find out until the whole trial ends, so that will be interesting.
Although it didn’t work for me, I don’t regret doing it at all and would do it again (except you can’t take the trial more than once), As I see it, it can’t hurt and as far as my trial went, yes it didn’t help me, but if it has helped any women in the future going through what all we are, then it was well worth it.